引用中時電子報及Cambridge Dictionary
說明：
特別的，為了某一特定目的而訂定的。（原來並不存在，常引申為臨時的、即興的）
made or happening only for a particular purpose or need, not planned in advance.
範例：
We deal with problems on an ad hoc basis. 我們用一些變通來處理問題。
Point of Policy are decided ad hoc. 政策的條款是臨時決定的。
說明：
實際上已經是，但名義上還不是的。
existing in fact, although not necessarily intended, legal or accepted.
範例：
The city is rapidly becoming the de facto centre of the financial world. 這個都市已經快速成為世界的金融中心。
The prime minister is de facto president of the country. 這位總理實際上就是這個國家的總統。
說明：
每年的意思。美國人工作的Offer letter，載明年薪是多少，是用per annum。
used in finance and business when referring to an amount that is produced, sold or spent each year.
範例：
an average growth rate of around 2 percent per annum.
說明：
內在的，本質上的。相同英文的 by itself 或 intrinsically。
by or of itself.
範例：
The drug is not harmful per se, but is dangerous when taken with alcohol. 該藥本身並無害處，但與酒類同時服用則有危險。
- quid pro quo /ˈkwid ˌprō ˈkwō/
說明：
相對的補償。
something that is given to a person in return for something they have done.
範例：
The government has promised food aid as a quid pro quo for the stopping of violence.
- status quo /ˈstātəs ˈkwō/
說明：
目前現狀。
the present situation.
範例：
You can choose hope over fear, unity division, the promise of change over the power of the status quo. 你們可以選擇希望而非恐懼、選擇團結而非分裂、選擇變革的希望而非維持現狀。
